:root{--bg:#fcfaf7;--text:#2c3e50;--muted:#7f8c8d;--hairline:#dcdde1;--accent:#1a365d;--panel:rgba(252,250,247,0.94);--nav-height:52px;--max-width:820px;--radius:18px;--shadow:0 12px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);--serif:"Iowan Old Style","Garamond","Times New Roman",serif;--sans:"SF Pro Text","SF Pro Display",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}*{box-sizing:border-box}html,body{margin:0;padding:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);font-family:var(--sans);letter-spacing:-0.01em}body{min-height:100vh}body.nav-open{overflow:hidden}body::before{content:"";position:fixed;inset:0;pointer-events:none;background:radial-gradient(circle at 20% 10%,rgba(255,255,255,0.35),transparent 40%),radial-gradient(circle at 80% 0%,rgba(0,0,0,0.05),transparent 45%),repeating-linear-gradient( 0deg,rgba(0,0,0,0.02),rgba(0,0,0,0.02) 1px,transparent 1px,transparent 3px );opacity:0.35;z-index:0}.nav,.menu,.menu-scrim,.site-shell{position:relative;z-index:1}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.site-shell{padding-top:calc(var(--nav-height) + 48px)}.nav{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:var(--nav-height);background:var(--panel);border-bottom:1px solid var(--hairline);z-index:1000}@supports (backdrop-filter:blur(1px)){.nav{backdrop-filter:saturate(180%) blur(20px)}}.nav-inner{max-width:1100px;margin:0 auto;height:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;align-items:center;padding:0 16px}.nav-left{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;justify-self:start}.brand{font-weight:600;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-align:center;justify-self:center;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;font-family:var(--serif);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.08em}.nav-links{display:none;gap:20px;font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}.burger{width:36px;height:36px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:10px;background:#fff;display:grid;place-items:center;cursor:pointer;justify-self:start}.burger span{display:block;width:18px;height:2px;background:#1d1d1f;position:relative}.burger span::before,.burger span::after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;width:18px;height:2px;background:#1d1d1f;transition:transform 180ms ease}.burger span::before{top:-6px}.burger span::after{top:6px}.menu{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100vh;width:min(320px,82vw);background:#fcfaf7;border-right:1px solid var(--hairline);transform:translateX(-100%);transition:transform 360ms cubic-bezier(0.2,0.8,0.2,1);will-change:transform;z-index:1001;padding-top:0}.menu.open{transform:translateX(0)}.menu-scrim{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.25);opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transition:opacity 300ms ease;z-index:1000}.menu-scrim.open{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto}.menu-inner{height:100vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;padding:10px 16px;font-size:16px}.menu-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:6px 0 10px}.menu-title{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)}.menu-close{border:1px solid var(--hairline);background:#fff;color:var(--accent);font-size:12px;padding:6px 10px;border-radius:999px;cursor:pointer}.menu-pages{display:grid;gap:10px;align-content:start;overflow:auto;padding-right:6px;flex:1}.menu-divider{height:1px;background:var(--hairline);margin:4px 0}.menu-footer{display:grid}.menu a{padding:10px 6px;border-radius:10px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:var(--text)}.menu a.menu-child{padding-left:26px;position:relative}.menu a.menu-child::before{content:"";position:absolute;left:12px;top:50%;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;background:rgba(26,54,93,0.4);transform:translateY(-50%)}.menu a:hover{background:rgba(26,54,93,0.08)}.menu a.is-active{background:rgba(26,54,93,0.14);color:var(--accent);font-weight:600}.icon-home{width:18px;height:18px;display:inline-block;background:currentColor;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,") no-repeat center / contain;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,") no-repeat center / contain}.menu a.nav-submit{margin-top:8px;padding:12px 16px;background:transparent;color:var(--accent);font-weight:600;justify-content:center;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--hairline)}.menu a.nav-submit:hover{background:rgba(26,54,93,0.08);color:var(--accent);border-color:var(--accent)}.hero{max-width:var(--max-width);margin:20px auto 30px;padding:0 20px}.hero-logo{display:block;width:min(330px,70vw);height:auto;margin:0 auto 12px}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(28px,3.2vw,44px);margin:0 0 8px 0;font-weight:600;font-family:var(--serif);letter-spacing:0.02em}.hero p{color:var(--muted);margin:0}.content{max-width:var(--max-width);margin:0 auto 80px;padding:0 20px}.reading-progress{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:3px;background:transparent;z-index:60}.reading-progress .bar{height:100%;width:0%;background:var(--accent);transition:width 80ms linear}.toc{border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:14px;padding:14px 16px;background:#fff;margin:18px 0 26px}.toc h2{font-size:13px;letter-spacing:0.12em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 8px 0;color:var(--muted)}.toc ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:grid;gap:6px}.toc a{color:var(--accent);font-weight:600}.toc a.is-active{color:inherit;background:transparent;padding:0;border-radius:0}.century-jump{max-width:var(--max-width);margin:6px auto 14px;padding:0 20px;display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap}.century-jump a{border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:999px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.08em;color:var(--accent);background:#fff}.century-group{margin:18px 0 24px}.century-title{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:18px;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 12px}.post-list-group{display:grid;gap:14px}.map-attribution a{color:var(--accent)}.timeline-strip{max-width:var(--max-width);margin:0 auto 18px;padding:0 12px}.timeline-track{display:flex;gap:10px;overflow-x:auto;padding:8px 8px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:999px;background:#fff;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory}.timeline-track .timeline-chip{padding:6px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:#f2eee6;color:var(--text);font-size:12px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;scroll-snap-align:start;white-space:nowrap}.timeline-chip{border:none;cursor:pointer}.timeline-chip.is-active{background:#0b2f24;color:#f7f3ea}.timeline-track .timeline-chip:hover{background:rgba(26,54,93,0.12);color:var(--accent)}.post-list{display:grid;gap:14px}.post-list[data-grouped="true"]{display:block}.post-card{padding:18px 18px 16px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:var(--radius);background:#fff;transition:transform 160ms ease,box-shadow 160ms ease}.post-card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 10px 24px rgba(26,54,93,0.18);border-color:rgba(26,54,93,0.35)}.back-to-top{position:fixed;right:16px;bottom:22px;padding:10px 14px;border-radius:999px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);background:#fff;color:var(--accent);font-size:12px;font-weight:600;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transform:translateY(8px);transition:opacity 160ms ease,transform 160ms ease;z-index:40}.back-to-top.show{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;transform:translateY(0)}.post-card h2{margin:0 0 6px 0;font-size:22px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.1}.post-card .date{color:var(--muted);font-size:13px}.post-snippet{margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:14px;line-height:1.35;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:2;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}article h1{font-size:clamp(26px,3vw,38px);margin:0 0 8px 0;font-weight:600;font-family:var(--serif);letter-spacing:0.02em}.bio-theme h2[id]{scroll-margin-top:calc(var(--nav-height) + 16px)}article .post-date{color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 20px 0;font-size:14px}article p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.75;margin:0 0 18px 0;font-family:var(--serif)}article img{max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:12px}.related{margin-top:36px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--hairline)}.related h2{font-size:18px;margin:0 0 10px 0;font-family:var(--serif);letter-spacing:0.02em}.bio-theme{max-width:900px;margin:0 auto}.bio-theme .bio-header{text-align:center;border-bottom:3px double #1a365d;margin-bottom:36px;padding-bottom:18px}.bio-theme h1{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(30px,4.2vw,44px);line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 6px 0;color:#1a365d;letter-spacing:0.02em}.bio-theme h2{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(22px,3vw,30px);color:#1a365d;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdde1;margin:34px 0 12px;padding-bottom:6px;letter-spacing:0.01em}.bio-theme h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:18px;margin:26px 0 10px;color:#2c3e50}.bio-theme p{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:19px;line-height:1.85;margin:0 0 20px 0;text-align:justify}.bio-theme .metadata{font-size:0.9rem;color:var(--muted);text-align:center;margin:0 0 18px 0}.bio-theme .dropcap{float:left;font-size:4rem;line-height:0.9;font-weight:700;margin:4px 10px 0 0;color:#1a365d}.bio-theme table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:36px 0;background-color:#fff}.bio-theme th,.bio-theme td{padding:14px;border:1px solid #e1e1e1;text-align:left}.bio-theme th{background-color:var(--accent);color:#ffffff;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;font-size:0.85rem}.bio-theme .quote,.bio-theme .quote-box,.bio-theme .preface-box,.bio-theme .incident-box,.bio-theme .court-martial-box,.bio-theme .schoolmaster-box,.bio-theme .expedition-box,.bio-theme .dispatch-box,.bio-theme .notable-event,.bio-theme .institution-box{background-color:#f4f7f6;border-left:5px solid #1a365d;padding:22px;margin:26px 0;font-style:italic;box-shadow:2px 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);color:var(--muted)}.bio-theme .alias-list{background-color:#eee;padding:12px 14px;border-radius:6px;margin:10px auto 18px;font-size:0.9rem;max-width:760px}.related ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:grid;gap:8px}.related a{color:var(--accent);font-weight:600}.fade-enter{opacity:0;transform:translateY(6px)}.fade-enter-active{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);transition:opacity 180ms ease,transform 180ms ease}.fade-exit-active{opacity:0;transition:opacity 160ms ease}.footer{border-top:1px solid var(--hairline);color:var(--muted);font-size:12px;text-align:center;padding:22px 16px 30px;font-family:var(--serif)}@media (min-width:860px){.nav-links{display:none}.burger{display:grid}.menu{display:block}}.nav-button{padding:8px 12px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:999px;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;background:#fff}.submit-form{display:grid;gap:14px}.submit-form label{display:grid;gap:6px;font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}.submit-form input,.submit-form textarea{font:inherit;padding:10px 12px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:12px;background:#fff;color:var(--text)}.primary-button{padding:12px 16px;border:none;border-radius:12px;background:var(--accent);color:#fff;font-weight:600;cursor:pointer}.primary-button:hover{filter:brightness(0.98)}.form-note{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin:6px 0 0 0}.cta-panel,.guidelines{border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:16px;padding:16px 18px;background:#fff;box-shadow:var(--shadow);margin:0 0 18px 0}.cta-crest{border-color:rgba(26,54,93,0.25);background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(26,54,93,0.06),rgba(255,255,255,0.9));position:relative;padding-left:58px}.cta-crest-icon{position:absolute;left:18px;top:18px;width:28px;height:34px;background:url("/images/crest.png") no-repeat center / contain;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.15))}.cta-panel h2,.guidelines h2{margin:0 0 8px 0;font-size:18px}.guidelines ul{margin:0;padding-left:18px;color:var(--text)}.honeypot{position:absolute;left:-9999px;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation-duration:0.01ms !important;animation-iteration-count:1 !important;transition-duration:0.01ms !important;scroll-behavior:auto !important}}.brand .crest{width:26px;height:32px;display:inline-block;background:url("/images/crest.png") no-repeat center / contain;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.2))}.nav-right{display:flex;justify-self:end;gap:10px;align-items:center}.search{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:6px 10px;border:1px solid var(--hairline);border-radius:999px;background:#fff}.search-input{border:none;outline:none;background:transparent;font:inherit;width:140px}.search-icon{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;background:currentColor;mask:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,") no-repeat center / contain;-webkit-mask:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,") no-repeat center / contain}.biography{text-align:justify}.fact-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin-top:20px;background:#fff}.fact-table td,.fact-table th{border:1px solid var(--hairline);padding:10px;text-align:left}.fact-table th{background-color:var(--accent);color:#ffffff;font-weight:600}.quote{font-style:italic;border-left:4px solid #1a365d;padding-left:15px;margin:20px 0;color:var(--muted)}
@media (max-width: 640px){
:root{--nav-height:72px}
.nav{height:auto}
.nav-inner{grid-template-columns:auto 1fr auto;gap:8px;padding:8px 10px}
.brand{font-size:0;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0;justify-self:center;text-align:center;gap:0}
.brand .crest{width:24px;height:30px;margin:0}
.nav-right{gap:6px}
.search{padding:6px 8px}
.search-input{width:72px}
.bio-theme p,.biography,article p{ text-align:left; text-wrap:pretty; hyphens:auto }
}
/* UX refinements */
body.nav-compact{--nav-height:44px}
.nav.scrolled{box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(26,54,93,0.12)}
.hero h1{font-size:clamp(30px,3.6vw,50px)}
.hero-sub{color:var(--muted);font-size:15px;letter-spacing:0.02em;margin:6px 0 14px 0;text-transform:none}
.hero-logo{margin:8px auto 0}
.bio-theme{max-width:72ch}
article p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.9;margin:0 0 16px 0}
.bio-theme p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.9;margin:0 0 16px 0}
.bio-theme h2{margin:38px 0 16px}
.bio-theme h3{margin:28px 0 12px}
.toc{padding:10px 12px;border-left:3px solid rgba(26,54,93,0.2)}
.toc h2{font-size:12px;margin:0 0 6px 0}
.toc ul{gap:4px}
.toc a{font-size:13px}
.toc a:hover{text-decoration:none}
.century-group{margin:28px 0 32px}
.century-group + .century-group{border-top:1px solid var(--hairline);padding-top:20px}
.post-card{position:relative}
.post-snippet{color:#5a6b6b}
.post-card h2{margin-top:2px}
.submit-form input:focus-visible,.submit-form textarea:focus-visible{outline:2px solid rgba(26,54,93,0.55);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(26,54,93,0.15)}
.post-card,.cta-panel,.guidelines,.primary-button,.submit-form input,.submit-form textarea{border-radius:var(--radius)}
.search-icon{width:18px;height:18px}
.search{transition:width 180ms ease, background 180ms ease}
a:hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
@media (max-width: 640px){
body.nav-compact{--nav-height:60px}
.burger{width:44px;height:44px}
.search{min-height:44px;height:44px;width:44px;display:grid;place-items:center;align-content:center}
.search-input{width:0;opacity:0}
.search:focus-within{width:170px}
.search:focus-within .search-input{width:110px;opacity:1}
}
/* Mobile UX fixes (iOS) */
@media (max-width: 640px){
:root{--nav-height:72px}
.nav{height:auto}
.nav-inner{grid-template-columns:auto 1fr auto;gap:8px;padding:8px 10px}
.brand{font-size:0;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0;justify-self:center;text-align:center;gap:0}
.brand .crest{width:24px;height:30px;margin:0}
.nav-right{gap:6px}
.search{min-height:44px;width:44px;justify-content:center}
.search-input{width:0;opacity:0}
.search:focus-within{width:170px}
.search:focus-within .search-input{width:110px;opacity:1}
.bio-theme p,.biography,article p{ text-align:left; text-wrap:pretty; hyphens:auto }
}
.menu-pin{position:sticky;top:0;background:#fcfaf7;z-index:2;padding:0 0 10px;display:grid;gap:10px}
.menu-pin::after{content:"";display:block;height:1px;background:var(--hairline)}
.menu-pin > a{padding:10px 6px;border-radius:10px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:var(--text)}
.menu-pin > a:hover{background:rgba(26,54,93,0.08)}
@media (max-width: 640px){
.search{border-radius:999px}
.search:focus-within{height:44px;min-height:44px}
.search:focus-within .search-input{height:44px;line-height:44px;white-space:nowrap}
}